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Rainny( 在线 )
等级:精灵

注册时间:2009年2月13日
文章主题: ORACLE 11G新特性
作者:Rainny
日期:2009-02-09
BBS:http://172.17.16.50/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=477
ORACLE 11G在2007年7月11日发布,距现在有一年有余了,其最新版本是ORACLE 11.1.0.6.0.以下简称为11G.
伴随每一次新版本的发行,ORACLE都会发布相应的文档。11G的文档库大约有1G,将近200个文档。下面是根据我们的实际情况,我整理出的可能和我们相关的11G的一些新功能。更全面的有关11G新功能请参看:Oracle Database New Features Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) Part Number B28279-03。
对于ORACLE数据库产品的改进和增强,ORACLE 11G文档中用了:
8个ability来描述其强大功能:
manageability,availability,reliability,scalability,diagnosability,usability ,interoperability,portability
7个simp来形容其简单易用(easy-to-use):
simple,simplification,simplify,simplifying,simplified,simply ,simpler
5个auto来表达其管理的智能(intelligence)和自动化:
automate,automation,,automatic,automated,automatically
并且用一个比较有意思的词汇来定义其前瞻性数据库管理概念:proactive

一,管理(manageability)
1.自动化(automation)
(1)自动的内存管理
ORACLE 11G进一步完善了自动的内存管理机制.内存管理一直是DBA重要的一项数据库管理任务,并且随着环境的改变,这项任务常常令DBA感到头疼。ORACLE一直不懈地在为DBA减轻管理负担。从ORACLE 9I开始,推出自动的PGA管理(PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET),再到10G推出自动的SGA管理(SGA_TARGET),直至11G,整个的ORACLE内存管理都完全自动化了。DBA只需设定一个参数:memory_target,ORACLE能自动管理和调节SGA和PGA的内存分配。
Automatic memory management(rainny)
This is a new initialization parameter in Oracle Database 11g to automate the memory allocation. By default, Database Configuration Assistant now uses MEMORY_TARGET instead of specifying individual values for SGA_TARGET and PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. The memory management page of Database Configuration Assistant has new option to select automatic memory management.
(2)自动的健康检查
在11G,ORACLE进一步增强了自动管理功能。ORACLE能够自动地对数据库进行健康检查,并对有可能导致数据库在将来出现问题的一些因素给DBA发送告警信息,并针对潜在问题给出一些建议。这种管理方式就是ORACLE提出的所谓的前瞻性的数据库管理(proactive).
在之前,DBA往往是在数据库出现问题时介入,对问题进行处理。这种管理方式是响应式的管理(reactive).当数据库出现问题时,即使DBA介入,并且顺利的解决问题,也难免给业务运行带来影响。我们往往希望将一些问题在变严重之前解决掉,从而避免发生大的灾难性事件。ORACLE所谓的前瞻性数据库管理即是这么一种理念。仔细深入,你发现从ORACLE 10G开始,ORACLE数据库加入了很多前瞻性管理的组件和工具。
Automatic Health Monitoring(rainny)
Automatic Health Monitoring proactively checks the health of the database and identifies any issues affecting the database. Problems are detected even before users run into them and before they cause widespread damage. The results of Automatic Health Monitoring are reflected in a simple meter (the Health Meter) designed to allow the DBA to quickly gauge the health of the database. With the help of Automatic Health Monitoring, a DBA can get a comprehensive picture of the current health of the database as well as help on how to remedy the problems affecting the database.
Automatic Health Monitoring proactively detects problems early in their life-cycle and notifies the DBA of the user impact and recommended action to take. Depending on the component or situation, Automatic Health Monitoring can either quarantine the offending component/resource or provide a fix to a problem. This feature helps businesses minimize their downtime and plan ahead for outages.
See Also:Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide for details
(3)自动地隔离损坏的回滚段
在11G,当某一回滚段发生损坏时,ORALCE能自动地将这些回滚段隔离,从而避免后续的事务用到这些损坏的回滚段。
Automatic Quarantine of Corrupt Undo Segments(rainny)
This feature automatically quarantines corrupt undo segments and prevents future transactions from using the same undo segments.
This enhancement limits corruption propagation and thus limits the damage caused on the system.
2.管理工具
(1)企业管理器的增强:增加LOGMINER接口
在9I,基于C/S架构的企业管理器中有提供LOGMiner的GUI,从10G开始,ORACLE的企业管理器是基于WEB(B/S架构)的了,所以,在10G,LOG MINER的GUI从企业管理器中移除。用户如果想要进行日志挖掘,只能调用ORACLE提供的接口程序:PL/SQL包。这让一部分想要进行日志查询的用户感到非常不方便。到了11G,ORACLE终于对用户的这一意见作出响应,在其基于浏览器的企业管理器(ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER简称OEM)中增加了LOGMINER的图形界面。用户可以通过这个GUI进行向导式的日志查询(不论是将数据库配置成DATABASE CONSOLE还是GRID CONTROL,用户都可以从OEM中获取日志挖掘的图形接口)。
Browser-Based Enterprise Manager Integrated Interface for LogMiner(rainny)
This feature now makes it possible to use the browser-based Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control interface for LogMiner. In prior releases, administrators were required to use the standalone Java Console to use LogMiner. The Console was not integrated with the rest of Enterprise Manager and was cumbersome to install. With this new interface, administrators have a task-based, intuitive approach to using LogMiner.
This new feature improves the manageability of LogMiner. The task-based work flows enable log mining and are integrated with Flashback Transactions.
二,可用性(availability)
1.高可用性 (high availability简称HA)
(1)DATAGUARD的增强
物理STANDBY数据库的实时查询功能
在ORACLE 10G,要对STANDBY数据库进行查询,必须将STANDBY切换过来,在查询时,STANDBY数据库没办法同时应用从PRIMARY数据库传过来的重做日志。到了11G,这一问题已经解决。STANDBY数据库可以一边应用重做日志,一边进行实时的查询。
这个功能非常实用,有了这一新功能,STANDBY数据库不但可以给我们提供冗余的数据保护,而且我们还可以将STANDBY数据库用于一些READ-ONLY系统,如:报表系统(report system),业务智能(BI),决策支持(DSS)系统等,从而分担主数据库(PRIMARY DATABASE)的工作量,进而提升了数据库系统的整体性能。
拿我们的XPC系统来说,我们的所有查询报表其数据源都可设为STANDBY数据库,而不必连接到主数据库,主数据库专门用于事务处理,STANDBY数据库专门用于报表查询,这样的话就分工很明确,减轻了主数据库的工作量,增加了整个系统的吞吐量,进而提升整个XPC系统的性能。
Real-Time Query Capability of Physical Standby Database(rainny)
It is now possible to query a physical standby database while Redo Apply is active.
This new capability increases your return on investment in Data Guard technology because a physical standby database can now be used to offload queries from the primary database in addition to providing data protection.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for details
三,备份和恢复(Backup and Recovery)
1.闪回技术的增强
闪回事务
ORACLE从9I开始推出闪回技术(flashback),顾名思议,闪回表达的意思是快速的恢复。在之前,要将数据恢复(或者说回退)到之前的某一个时间点(版本),需要动用表空间时间点恢复(tablespace point-in-time recovery简称TSPITR)或数据库时间点恢复(database point-in-time recovery简称DBPITR)。不论是TSPITR还是DBPITR,其操作难度都非常大,步骤繁琐复杂,需要操作者具备一定的备份恢复知识。闪回技术的推出就是简化时间点恢复的步骤和降低操作的难度。你可以把它比喻为我们日常使用的操作系统的垃圾站,都是提供一种回退的机制。ORALCE 9I只推出闪回查询(flashback query),用于查询数据在之前某一时间点(基于时间点或系统更改号SCN)的值,我们也称之为行版本(row version)查询.ORACLE 10G进一步增强和发展了闪回技术,推出了闪回数据库(flashback database),闪回表(flashback table),闪回删除(flashback drop即我们通常所称的DDL回退),这使得将数据库回退到某一个时间点或更正用户错误变得简单而方便(如果你曾经有过因为用户不小心错删一个重要表而绞尽脑汁的痛苦经历,你就能体会到10G的flashback drop的可贵之处).闪回查询,闪回表,闪回删除,闪回数据库的具体使用请参阅我的文档:
n 1_通过闪回查询(flashback query)来恢复被误删的数据.doc
n 2_通过flashback table来将表闪回到某一个时间点.doc
n 3_通过flashback drop来闪回被误删除的表.doc
n 4_通过flashback database来将数据库闪回到某一个时间点.doc
到了11G,ORACLE进一步增强了闪回技术,推出闪回事务(flashback transaction),我认为这个是非常实用的一个功能。Flashback transaction使我们可以回退事务,即使事务已经提交。这对于更正一些用户错误非常有用.比如,用户不小心执行了一些事务,并且在这些事务里对数据库的数据做了一些更改,当用户提交事务后,发现这些更改是错误的,想要回退这些更改,这时候,FLASHBACK TRANSACTION就发挥用场。DBA只需要简单地将这些事务闪回,就可以把用户犯下的错误更正过来。在之前的版本中如ORALCE 10G,如果对数据库做了一些配置的话,虽然也可以综合采用ORACLE 10G的FLASH BACK DATABASE,FLASHBACK TABLE,FLASH QUERY等功能实现同样的目的,但操作步骤繁多,复杂,需要DBA对相关知识和技术有一定的了解。11G的这一新功能大大减轻了操作的复杂度,从而对于用户错误更正这一DBA经常碰到的任务变得简单。
Flashback Transaction(rainny)
Flashback transaction is a new feature that can easily back out a transaction and its dependent transactions. This recovery operation utilizes undo data to create and execute the corresponding, compensating transactions that revert the affected data back to its original state.
This feature increases availability during logical recovery by easily and quickly backing out a specific transaction or set of transactions and their dependent transactions, with one command, while the database remains online.
See Also:
Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer’s Guide for details
2.逻辑备份
数据泵
人们一直对ORACLE导出工具导出的DUMP文件的SIZE抱怨,认为它很占磁盘空间。虽然,在之前的版本中,ORACLE也提供压缩的功能,但DUMP文件的压缩比例太小。到了11G,ORACLE进一步改进了DUMP文件的压缩功能,加大了压缩比例,从而减小了磁盘占用空间,进一步节省了数据库备份的成本。
Compressed Dump File Sets(rainny)
Data Pump provides the ability to compress the metadata of a dump file set, which can shrink the dump files by 10-15%.
In this release, Data Pump adds the ability to compress the entire dump file set, including data and metadata.
This feature lets you specify compression for metadata, row data, or the entire dump file set.
四,数据库问题诊断(diagnosability)
1.灾难事件打包服务(IPS)
当ORACLE数据库出现问题或发生灾难事件时,我们往往要收集一些相关的信息如:告警日志,跟踪文件,转储信息等等一些信息给DBA或ORACLE SUPPORT人员进行问题分析,以提出解决问题的方案。而对于一些没有多少ORACLE经验的技术人员来说,要收集这些信息,必须在DBA或ORACLE SUPPORT人员的指导下进行,并且完成这些工作须具备一定的ORACLE专业知识。到了11G,这一工作变得简单而自动化。当数据库发生错误或灾难时,ORACLE会自动将与错误事件相关的信息(如例程的告警日志内容,进程跟踪文件的内容,发生错误的数据库对象的内部结构等)打包放入到一个事先设定好的目录(这个目录称之为自动的诊断信息存储库Automatic Diagnostic Repository,简称ADR),并且将这些打包好的资料通过FTP等方式传送给DBA或ORACLE SUPPORT人员。
ADR的作用好比飞机上的“黑匣子”,当数据库发生灾难时,ORACLE SUPPORT可以通过ADR来找到发生问题的原因,从而提出解决方案。
Incident Packaging Service (IPS)(rainny)
Providing appropriate information to Oracle Support or Development is a tedious and sometimes time-consuming task for users. IPS provides a facility that extracts diagnostic and test case data associated with product exceptions (incidents) from Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR) and packages the data for transport to Oracle.
IPS also provides mechanisms to automatically generate test cases, such as SQL test cases, so that support and development personnel can easily reproduce the problems in-house for analysis and resolution.
See Also:Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide for details
2.自动诊断信息存储库(ADR)
正如前面所说,ADR好比就是ORACLE数据库中的“黑匣子”,此处不再赘述
Automatic Diagnostic Repository(rainny)
Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR) is a new system-managed repository for storing and organizing trace files and other error diagnostic data. ADR provides a comprehensive view of all the serious errors encountered by the database and maintains all relevant data needed for problem diagnostics and their eventual resolution.
Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR) provides a uniform and consistent mechanism to store, format, and locate all database diagnostic information. Customers can now correlate errors across various components such as Oracle RAC, Oracle Clusterware, OCI, Net, processes, and so forth. ADR automatically generates incidents for serious errors and provides incident management functionality. As a result, ADR significantly reduces time to problem resolution time for customers.
See Also:Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide for details
3.DIAGNOSTIC_DEST参数取代background dump, user dump, and core dump参数
这个还是和我前面提到的ADR有关。到了11G,你只需设定DIAGNOSTIC_DEST参数,所有的后台跟踪文件,用户跟踪文件,核心跟踪文件都统一转储到DIAGNOSTIC_DEST目录。你不需要再分别设定:background_dump_dest,user_dump_dest,core_dump_dest参数了。将所有诊断信息统一放到一个目录的好处是:方便管理打包。当数据库出了问题时,ORACLE SUPPORT人员在第一时间可以获得与数据库灾难相关的诊断信息。
ORACLE_BASE and Diagnostic Destination configuration(rainny)
The directory that you specify when you are prompted for ORACLE_BASE by Oracle Universal Installer is stored in the Oracle home inventory. Database Configuration Assistant uses this value to derive the default database locations and the DIAGNOSTIC_DEST parameter. The diagnostic destination location contains all ADR directories (diagnostic files such as Alert logs and so on). Starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1), the initialization parameter settings for background dump, user dump, and core dump destinations are replaced by the Diagnostic Destination.
4.SUPPORT工作台
这又是一个11G提供的新工具,用于全面的查看各种数据库诊断信息。并将这些信息打包传送给ORACLE SUPPORT人员。
Support Workbench(rainny)
The Support Workbench provides an easy-to-use interface that presents database health-related incidents on the system to the DBAs in a timely manner along with information on how to manage the incidents. It also assists DBAs in viewing diagnostic information from multiple Oracle products (such as Net, clients, ASM, Oracle RAC, etc.), running health checks, packaging incident data to Oracle Support, and managing incidents.
The Support Workbench significantly reduces problem resolution time for customers by providing a simple workflow interface to view and diagnose incident data and package it for Oracle Support.
See Also:Oracle Database 2 Day DBA for details
5.活动会话历史的增强
活动会话历史(ASH)是描述活动会话的相关信息的接口,DBA可以通过ASH了解到很多活动会话(用户进程)的信息。ASH是ORALCE 10G开始推出的,在11G得到增强,显示的信息更加全面,详细。
Enhanced Active Session History(rainny)
The Active Session History infrastructure has been enhanced to allow for improved database performance diagnosis and monitoring.
This feature includes enhancements to row source information for query progress monitoring and time model statistics.
See Also:Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for details
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